Chapter 8: Variation in Tactics
Sun Tzu said:
In warfare, a general receives orders, assembles the army, and adapts to circumstances: Do not camp in treacherous terrain, ally in crossroads, linger in isolated areas, scheme in surrounded areas, and fight in death grounds.
Some routes should not be taken, some armies not attacked, some cities not besieged, some grounds not contested, and some orders not followed.
A general who masters the nine variations of terrain understands warfare. One who knows terrain but not these variations cannot fully exploit it. A commander unaware of these tactics, even with terrain knowledge, cannot fully utilize troops.
Wise commanders weigh both advantage and disadvantage.
Consider advantage to ensure success; consider disadvantage to avert calamity.
Subdue rivals with threats, engage them with tasks, and hasten them with gain.
In warfare: Do not rely on the enemy not coming, but on your readiness. Do not rely on them not attacking, but on your impregnability.
Five dangers for a general:
- Reckless bravery leads to death.
- Excessive caution leads to capture.
- Quick temper invites insult.
- Obsessive honor invites disgrace.
- Overconcern for the people invites trouble.
These five are flaws in a general, disasters in warfare. The destruction of armies and death of generals stem from these—examine them carefully.
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